Add Assignment 4, Prolog stuff

Assignment1/report1.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+%! TeX program = lualatex
+\RequirePackage[l2tabu,orthodox]{nag}
+\DocumentMetadata{lang=en-US}
+\documentclass[a4paper]{scrarticle}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+%\usepackage{tikz}
+%\usepackage{tikz-uml}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{caption}
+\usepackage{bookmark}
+\usepackage{fontspec}
+\usepackage{microtype}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+% Math packages
+%\usepackage{amsmath}
+%\usepackage{mathtools}
+%\usepackage{amsthm}
+%\usepackage{thmtools}
+%\usepackage{lualatex-math}
+
+% Unicode Math
+\usepackage[warnings-off={mathtools-colon,mathtools-overbracket},math-style=ISO]{unicode-math}
+\usepackage{newcomputermodern}
+
+\newcommand*{\figref}[2][]{%
+  \hyperref[{fig:#2}]{%
+    Figure~\ref*{fig:#2}%
+    \ifx\\#1\\%
+    \else
+      \,#1%
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+
+%\DeclarePairedDelimiter\ceil{\lceil}{\rceil}
+%\DeclarePairedDelimiter\floor{\lfloor}{\rfloor}
+
+%\declaretheorem[within=chapter]{definition}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{theorem}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{corollary}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{principle}
+
+\usepackage{polyglossia}
+\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}
+
+\setdefaultlanguage[variant=american,ordinalmonthday=true]{english}
+
+\day=7
+\month=2
+\year=2024
+
+\title{Assignment 1 Report}
+\subtitle{Imperative Programming in C}
+\author{Juan Pablo Zendejas}
+\date{\today}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+%\tableofcontents
+
+In this assignment, I was tasked with performing image manipulation
+using an imperative programming style in C. Using the provided PGM file,
+I wrote a program to do a threshold and rotation transformation by
+reading the image into a 2D matrix and writing the resulting 2D matrices
+to separate files.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+	\centering
+	\begin{minipage}{0.3\textwidth}
+		\centering
+		\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{lenna.png}
+		\captionof{figure}{Input file}
+		\label{fig:lenna}
+	\end{minipage}%
+	\begin{minipage}{0.3\textwidth}
+		\centering
+		\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{rotate.png}
+		\captionof{figure}{Transposed}
+		\label{fig:transpose}
+	\end{minipage}%
+	\begin{minipage}{0.3\textwidth}
+		\centering
+		\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{threshold.png}
+		\captionof{figure}{Threshold}
+		\label{fig:thresh}
+	\end{minipage}%
+\end{figure}
+
+In \figref{lenna}, we see the provided input file. \figref{transpose}
+represents a transposed or rotated version of the image. Finally,
+\figref{thresh} is the image with a threshold value of 80 applied.
+Values above 80 in the 0-255 range become white while values below 80
+become black.
+
+The assignment did not take too long to complete. While I was creating
+the transformation code, I ran into a segmentation fault issue when
+attempting to duplicate the matrix with the \texttt{memcpy} function.
+Eventually, I discovered that I forgot to use \texttt{malloc} on the
+rows to create the 2nd level of the 2D matrix. Once I solved that issue,
+the math was fairly simple.
+
+Due to the way the rotation operation was performed using a transpose,
+rotating twice would result in the original image. Mathematically, this
+is because the transformation is the inverse of itself. Swapping $x$ and
+$y$ coordinates twice will result in the coordinates ending in the same
+order. Rotating twice would not cause the image to be upside down
+because it is not a 90° rotation, but rather a mirroring along the
+diagonal of the image.
+
+I did not collaborate during this assignment. I used the UNIX
+\texttt{man} pages for documentation on the standard library and did not
+use any external library.
+
+\end{document}

Assignment3/Circle.m

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+% Represents a circle.
+classdef Circle < Shape & ColorMixin
+    properties
+        Radius
+    end
+
+    methods
+        % The constructor takes a radius and calculates the area.
+        function obj = Circle(radius)
+            obj = obj@Shape("Circle")
+            obj@ColorMixin("blue")
+            obj.Radius = radius;
+            obj.Area = obj.CalculateArea();
+        end
+
+        % pi * r^2
+        function area = CalculateArea(obj)
+            obj.Area = pi * obj.Radius^2;
+            area = obj.Area;
+        end
+
+        function Display(obj)
+            % Call the super method
+            Display@Shape(obj)
+            % Add on the radius property
+            fprintf("\tRadius = %f\n", obj.Radius);
+        end
+
+        function Draw(obj)
+            Draw@Shape(obj);
+            % Use a curved rectangle to draw a circle
+            rectangle( ...
+                'Position',[0 0 obj.Radius*2 obj.Radius*2],...
+                'Curvature', [1 1], ...
+                'FaceColor', obj.Color);
+            % Center dot
+            plot(obj.Radius, obj.Radius, '.', Color='black');
+            % Radius line
+            plot([obj.Radius obj.Radius*2], [obj.Radius obj.Radius]);
+            % Put text denoting the radius above that line
+            text(obj.Radius*1.5,obj.Radius, sprintf("r = %g", obj.Radius), HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="bottom");
+            % Put text denoting the area
+            text(obj.Radius, obj.Radius*1.5, sprintf("A = %g", obj.Area), HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="middle");
+        end
+    end
+end

Assignment3/ColorMixin.m

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+classdef ColorMixin < handle
+    properties
+        Color
+    end
+
+    methods
+        function obj = ColorMixin(color)
+            if nargin == 0 
+                obj.Color = "red";
+            else
+                obj.Color = color;
+            end
+        end
+        
+        function color = GetColor(obj)
+            color = obj.Color;
+        end
+
+        function SetColor(obj, color)
+            obj.Color = color;
+        end
+    end
+end

Assignment3/EquilateralTriangle.m

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+classdef EquilateralTriangle < Triangle & ColorMixin
+    properties
+        SideLength
+    end
+
+    methods
+        function obj = EquilateralTriangle(sidelength)
+            obj@Triangle(sidelength, sqrt(3) * sidelength/2);
+            obj@ColorMixin("cyan")
+            obj.Name = "Equilateral Triangle";
+            obj.SideLength = sidelength;
+        end
+
+        function Display(obj)
+            Display@Triangle(obj);
+            fprintf("\tSide Length: %f units\n", obj.SideLength);
+        end
+
+        function Draw(obj)
+            Draw@Triangle(obj);
+            text(cos(pi/3)*obj.SideLength/2, sin(pi/3)*obj.SideLength/2, sprintf("l = %g", obj.SideLength), HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="bottom", Rotation=60);
+        end
+    end
+end

Assignment3/MyShapes.m

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+disp("Welcome to the Shapes script.")
+disp("Here are the following shapes you can make:")
+disp("Circle, Square, Rectangle, EquiTri, Triangle.")
+shapen = input("Which shape? ", "s");
+color = input("Color (use quotes or rgb vector)? ");
+shape = Shape("BAD SHAPE.");
+
+switch (shapen)
+    case "Circle"
+        radius = input("Radius? ");
+        shape = Circle(radius);
+    case "Square"
+        len = input("Side length? ");
+        shape = Square(len);
+    case "Rectangle"
+        len = input("Length? ");
+        h = input("Height? ");
+        shape = Rectangle(len, h);
+    case "EquiTri"
+        len = input("Side Length? ");
+        shape = EquilateralTriangle(len);
+    case "Triangle"
+        base = input("Base? ");
+        height = input("Height? ");
+        shape = Triangle(base, height);
+end
+
+shape.SetColor(color)
+shape.Draw

Assignment3/Rectangle.m

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+classdef Rectangle < Shape & ColorMixin
+    properties
+        Length, Width
+    end
+
+    methods
+        function obj = Rectangle(l,w)
+            obj@Shape("Rectangle")
+            obj@ColorMixin("red")
+            obj.Length = l;
+            obj.Width = w;
+            obj.Area = obj.CalculateArea;
+        end
+
+        function area = CalculateArea(obj)
+            area = obj.Length*obj.Width;
+            obj.Area = area;
+        end
+
+        function Display(obj)
+            Display@Shape(obj)
+            fprintf("\tLength = %f\n", obj.Length);
+            fprintf("\tWidth = %f\n", obj.Width);
+        end
+
+        function Draw(obj)
+            Draw@Shape(obj);
+            % Draw a rectangle
+            rectangle('Position',[0 0 obj.Length obj.Width], ...
+                'FaceColor', obj.Color);
+            % Draw length text
+            text(obj.Length / 2, 0, sprintf("l = %g", obj.Length), HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="bottom");
+            % Draw width text
+            text(obj.Length, obj.Width/2, sprintf("w = %g", obj.Width), Rotation=90, HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="bottom");
+            % Draw area text
+            text(obj.Length/2, obj.Width/2, sprintf("A = %g", obj.Area), HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="middle");
+        end
+    end
+end

Assignment3/Shape.m

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+% To let the shapes be in an array, they have to derive from the
+% Hetereogeneous mixin
+classdef Shape < ColorMixin & matlab.mixin.Heterogeneous & handle
+    % These properties are shared by all Shapes.
+    properties
+        Name, Area
+    end
+
+    methods
+        % Base constructor to create a new shape with a specific name
+        function obj = Shape(name)
+            obj.Name = name;
+        end
+
+        % Base method to display the shape in a readable format.
+        function Display(obj)
+            fprintf("%s shape with\n\tArea = %f square units\n\tColor = ", obj.Name, obj.Area);
+			disp(obj.Color);
+        end
+
+        % Base method that creates a figure with the title being the
+        % shape's name.
+        function Draw(obj)
+            figure('Name',obj.Name)
+            % Equal axes to preserve shape.
+            axis equal
+            % Prevents plot commands from resetting the figure.
+            hold on
+        end
+    end
+
+    methods (Static)
+        function CalculateStatistics(shapes)
+            % Shapes input is an array of shape values.
+            % Collect all their areas into an array.
+            areas = [shapes.Area];
+            % Call datastats with the column vector of all the areas.
+            stats = datastats(areas(:));
+            % Show output
+            fprintf("Mean area: %f square units\nMedian area: %f square units\nStandard deviation: %f square units\n", stats.mean, stats.median, stats.std);
+        end
+    end
+end

Assignment3/Square.m

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+classdef Square < Rectangle & ColorMixin
+    properties
+        SideLength
+    end
+
+    methods
+        function obj = Square(sidelen)
+            obj@Rectangle(sidelen, sidelen);
+            obj@ColorMixin("green");
+            obj.Name = "Square";
+            obj.SideLength = sidelen;
+            obj.Area = obj.CalculateArea;
+        end
+
+        function Display(obj)
+            Display@Shape(obj)
+            fprintf("\tSide Length = %f\n", obj.SideLength);
+        end
+    end
+end

Assignment3/Triangle.m

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+classdef Triangle < Shape & ColorMixin
+    properties
+        Base, Height
+    end
+
+    methods
+        function obj = Triangle(base,height)
+            obj@Shape("Triangle")
+            obj@ColorMixin("yellow")
+            obj.Base = base;
+            obj.Height = height;
+            obj.Area = obj.CalculateArea;
+        end
+
+        function area = CalculateArea(obj)
+            area = (obj.Base*obj.Height)/2;
+            obj.Area = area;
+        end
+
+        function Display(obj)
+            Display@Shape(obj)
+            fprintf("\tBase = %f units\n", obj.Base);
+            fprintf("\tHeight = %f units\n", obj.Height);
+        end
+
+        function Draw(obj)
+            Draw@Shape(obj);
+            ps = polyshape([0 0; obj.Base/2 obj.Height; obj.Base 0; 0 0]);
+            plot(ps, FaceColor=obj.Color);
+            plot([obj.Base/2 obj.Base/2],[0 obj.Height]);
+            text(obj.Base/2, obj.Height/2, sprintf("h = %g", obj.Height), Rotation=90, HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="bottom");
+            text(obj.Base/4,0,sprintf("b = %g", obj.Base), HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="bottom");
+            text(obj.Base*(3/4),0,sprintf("A = %g", obj.Area), HorizontalAlignment="center", VerticalAlignment="bottom");
+        end
+    end
+end

Assignment3/report3.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,583 @@
+%! TeX program = lualatex
+\RequirePackage[l2tabu,orthodox]{nag}
+\DocumentMetadata{lang=en-US}
+\documentclass[a4paper]{scrartcl}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+%\usepackage{tikz}
+%\usepackage{tikz-uml}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{caption}
+\usepackage{subcaption}
+\usepackage{newfloat}
+\usepackage{fancyvrb}
+\usepackage{minted}[newfloat=true]
+\usepackage{bookmark}
+\usepackage{fontspec}
+\usepackage{microtype}
+
+% Math packages
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+%\usepackage{mathtools}
+%\usepackage{amsthm}
+%\usepackage{thmtools}
+\usepackage{lualatex-math}
+\usepackage[warnings-off={mathtools-colon,mathtools-overbracket},math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO]{unicode-math}
+
+% Fonts
+\usepackage{newcomputermodern}
+\setmonofont{0xProto}[Scale=MatchLowercase]
+
+\newcommand*{\figref}[2][]{%
+  \hyperref[{fig:#2}]{%
+    Figure~\ref*{fig:#2}%
+    \ifx\\#1\\%
+    \else
+      \,#1%
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+
+\newcommand*{\lstref}[2][]{%
+  \hyperref[{lst:#2}]{%
+    Listing~\ref*{lst:#2}%
+    \ifx\\#1\\%
+    \else
+      \,#1%
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+
+\setminted{breaklines=true,frame=single}
+\newenvironment{longlisting}{\captionsetup{type=listing}}{}
+\newenvironment{longfigure}{\captionsetup{type=figure}}{}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{CommandWindow}{Verbatim}{frame=lines,
+label={Command Window}}
+\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{10pt}
+\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{8pt}
+%\DeclarePairedDelimiter\ceil{\lceil}{\rceil}
+%\DeclarePairedDelimiter\floor{\lfloor}{\rfloor}
+
+%\declaretheorem[within=chapter]{definition}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{theorem}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{corollary}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{principle}
+
+\usepackage{polyglossia}
+\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}
+
+\setdefaultlanguage[variant=american,ordinalmonthday=true]{english}
+
+\day=15
+\month=4
+\year=2024
+
+\title{Programming Assignment 3}
+\subtitle{CS-420 Spring 2024}
+\author{Juan Pablo Zendejas}
+\date{\today}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+%\listoftheorems[ignoreall,onlynamed={theorem,corollary,principle}]
+%\listoftheorems[ignoreall,onlynamed={definition},title={List of Definitions}]
+%\tableofcontents
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+For this assignment, I was tasked with implementing object-oriented
+programming principles in the MATLAB language. This includes inheritance
+in single, multiple, and multi-level forms. I also had to practice the
+concept of calling super-class methods and overriding methods. This
+involved creating a group of classes that represented different shapes,
+and implementing methods and providing properties for these classes.
+
+\section{Task One: Class Creation and Constructors}
+
+My first task was to create a base class called \texttt{Shape}. It holds
+properties \texttt{Name} and \texttt{Area}, a constructor to set the
+name, and a \texttt{Display} method. The code is displayed in
+\lstref{shape}.
+
+Originally, it consisted of just the properties, the constructor, and
+the \texttt{Display} method. The other methods were added in the next
+tasks and will be discussed then. The output for the task is given in
+\figref{taskone}.
+
+\begin{longfigure}
+	\begin{CommandWindow}
+>> shape1 = Shape("Timmy")
+
+shape1 = 
+
+  Shape with properties:
+
+     Name: "Timmy"
+     Area: []
+    Color: "red"
+
+>> shape2 = Shape("Jimmy")
+
+shape2 = 
+
+  Shape with properties:
+
+     Name: "Jimmy"
+     Area: []
+    Color: "red"
+
+>> shape1.Display
+Timmy shape with
+	Area =  square units
+	Color = red
+>> shape2.Display
+Jimmy shape with
+	Area =  square units
+	Color = red
+>> 
+	\end{CommandWindow}
+	\caption{Output from testing Task 1.}
+	\label{fig:taskone}
+\end{longfigure}
+
+\section{Task Two: Inheritance and Constructor Overloading}
+
+This task involved creating new classes that derived from Shape, calling
+the super constructor to set the name. The code listings for the 3 classes are
+shown in \lstref{circle}, \lstref{rectangle}, and \lstref{triangle}.
+
+
+
+When I started this task, it was a bit difficult at first to figure out
+how MATLAB's class inheritance works. A lot of MATLAB syntax is very
+different to me coming from other languages. Eventually, I figured out
+that you need to use the \texttt{<} less than symbol and the
+\texttt{\&}
+ampersand to define inheritance with the \texttt{classdef}.
+
+All of the three constructors call the \texttt{Shape} constructor using
+the \texttt{@}-sign notation. This was another strange thing to me
+coming from other languages, and I'm still getting used to it. In
+MATLAB, the super-constructor calls have to come first and can't be in
+conditionals. However, all I needed it to do was set the shape name, so
+that wasn't a problem here.
+
+Finally, I had to add a \texttt{CalculateArea} method to all of the
+classes. This method would calculate the area of the shape and save it
+to the \texttt{Area} property on the object. While attempting to
+implement this method, I found out that by default MATLAB classes are
+passed by value. This was annoying because the area wasn't being saved
+by the CalculateArea class and I couldn't figure out why. Eventually, I
+found out that to get behavior like which I'm used to from other
+languages, \texttt{Shape} had to derive from the \texttt{handle} class
+built-in to MATLAB. Deriving the \texttt{handle} class, as shown in
+\lstref{shape} on line 3, makes the class' instances pass by reference
+instead of by value. Then, assigning class properties became easy.
+
+This \texttt{CalculateArea} method was called in the constructor to
+assign the correct value right after the object was constructed. See
+\figref{tasktwo} for the command window output and testing.
+
+\begin{longfigure}
+	\begin{CommandWindow}
+>> rect1 = Rectangle(5,6)
+
+rect1 = 
+
+  Rectangle with properties:
+
+    Length: 5
+     Width: 6
+      Name: "Rectangle"
+      Area: 30
+     Color: "red"
+
+>> rect2 = Rectangle(6,7)
+
+rect2 = 
+
+  Rectangle with properties:
+
+    Length: 6
+     Width: 7
+      Name: "Rectangle"
+      Area: 42
+     Color: "red"
+
+>> tri1 = Triangle(5,6)
+
+tri1 = 
+
+  Triangle with properties:
+
+      Base: 5
+    Height: 6
+      Name: "Triangle"
+      Area: 15
+     Color: "yellow"
+
+>> tri2 = Triangle(2,7)
+
+tri2 = 
+
+  Triangle with properties:
+
+      Base: 2
+    Height: 7
+      Name: "Triangle"
+      Area: 7
+     Color: "yellow"
+
+>> circ1 = Circle(5)
+
+circ1 = 
+
+  Circle with properties:
+
+    Radius: 5
+      Name: "Circle"
+      Area: 78.5398
+     Color: "blue"
+
+>> circ2 = Circle(10)
+
+circ2 = 
+
+  Circle with properties:
+
+    Radius: 10
+      Name: "Circle"
+      Area: 314.1593
+     Color: "blue"
+	\end{CommandWindow}
+	\caption{Testing for Task Two.}
+	\label{fig:tasktwo}
+\end{longfigure}
+
+\section{Task Three: Method Overriding}
+
+In this task, I wrote the \texttt{Display} methods for the
+\texttt{Circle}, \texttt{Rectangle}, and \texttt{Triangle} class. These
+methods override the original \texttt{Display} method defined in
+\texttt{Shape}, and are shown in the corresponding listings
+\lstref{circle}, \lstref{rectangle}, and \lstref{triangle}.
+
+To make the implementation more consistent, I created them as an
+extension of the \texttt{Shape}'s \texttt{Display} method. I had to
+figure out the syntax for calling super methods in MATLAB, which was
+very similar to the method of calling super constructors. Thus, I had to
+write \texttt{Display@Shape(obj)} to first call the super method. Then,
+I used more \texttt{fprintf} function calls to add on appropriate
+information for the class. The test output is shown in
+\figref{taskthree}.
+
+\begin{longfigure}
+	\begin{CommandWindow}
+>> rect1.Display
+Rectangle shape with
+	Area = 30.000000 square units
+	Color = red
+	Length = 5.000000
+	Width = 6.000000
+>> circ1.Display
+Circle shape with
+	Area = 78.539816 square units
+	Color = blue
+	Radius = 5.000000
+>> tri1.Display
+Triangle shape with
+	Area = 15.000000 square units
+	Color = yellow
+	Base = 5.000000 units
+	Height = 6.000000 units
+	\end{CommandWindow}
+	\caption{Test output for Task 3.}
+	\label{fig:taskthree}
+\end{longfigure}
+
+\section{Task Four: Multi-Level Inheritance}
+
+Multi-level inheritance is when you create a subclass of a subclass,
+which increases the level of separation and grouping. For our Shapes, I
+had to create classes that represent an Equilateral Triangle and a
+Square. Thus, they would derive from \texttt{Triangle} and
+\texttt{Rectangle} respectively. The code for these classes is shown in
+\lstref{equitri} and \lstref{square}.
+
+In these classes, the constructor called their respective super class
+constructor, with appropriate properties calculated from the given
+value. Thus, the area would be properly assigned. All that was left was
+to change the name. While I would have simply called the \texttt{Shape}
+constructor, it was already in use by the super class. And, as explained
+in the static method section, it would have caused issues with the later
+implementation. Thus, I decided to simply overwrite it with an
+assignment for these classes.
+
+I did not have to override the \texttt{CalculateArea} method since the
+calculation method is the same for the derived shapes. However, I did
+override the \texttt{Display} method, calling the super-class version
+and adding on the specialized properties. The test output is shown in
+\figref{taskfour}.
+
+\begin{longfigure}
+	\begin{CommandWindow}
+>> eqtri1 = EquilateralTriangle(5);
+>> sq1 = Square(4);
+>> eqtri1.Display
+Equilateral Triangle shape with
+	Area = 10.825318 square units
+	Color = cyan
+	Base = 5.000000 units
+	Height = 4.330127 units
+	Side Length: 5.000000 units
+>> sq1.Display
+Square shape with
+	Area = 16.000000 square units
+	Color = green
+	Side Length = 4.000000
+	\end{CommandWindow}
+	\caption{Test output for Task 4.}
+	\label{fig:taskfour}
+\end{longfigure}
+
+\section{Task Five: Multiple Inheritance}
+
+Multiple inheritance differs from multi-level inheritance, as multiple
+inheritance is when one class derives from multiple super-classes. For
+this task, I had to create a new class called \texttt{ColorMixin} that
+simply defined a new property, \texttt{Color}, and some methods to
+change it. The class is shown in \lstref{color}. As I fixed bugs, it
+turned out that all classes on an object had to be \texttt{handle}s, so
+I had to make \texttt{ColorMixin} derive from that class.
+
+Also, I had to make \texttt{ColorMixin} have a default color value. This
+was achieved by reading the MATLAB documentation, and using the
+\texttt{nargin} variable. This variable contains the number of arguments
+given to the function. When it's 0, I simply set \texttt{Color} to be
+red by default.
+
+In addition, I discovered that MATLAB colors can either be a string or a
+vector of RGB values. So, the set and get color methods have no
+restriction on the type of the parameter.
+
+Finally, I had to make all the shapes derive from the
+\texttt{ColorMixin} class so I could use its constructor in the shape
+constructors. Each shape has a different default color based on what I
+feel that shape's color is. The test output for this task is shown in
+\figref{taskfive}.
+
+\begin{longfigure}
+	\begin{CommandWindow}
+>> circ1.Display
+Circle shape with
+	Area = 78.539816 square units
+	Color = red
+	Radius = 5.000000
+>> circ1.SetColor("blue")
+>> tri1.Display
+Triangle shape with
+	Area = 15.000000 square units
+	Color = yellow
+	Base = 5.000000 units
+	Height = 6.000000 units
+>> tri1.SetColor([0.5 0.3 0.9])
+>> tri1.Display
+Triangle shape with
+	Area = 15.000000 square units
+	Color =     0.5000    0.3000    0.9000
+
+	Base = 5.000000 units
+	Height = 6.000000 units
+	\end{CommandWindow}
+	\caption{Test output for Task 5.}
+	\label{fig:taskfive}
+\end{longfigure}
+
+\section{Task Six: Static Method}
+
+This task involves creating a static method to determine some statistics
+about a list of shapes' area values. To achieve this, the \texttt{Shape}
+class has to derive from the \texttt{Heterogeneous} mixin, in order
+for heterogeneous arrays of shapes to be created. This also adds the
+restriction that classes can only derive from one heterogeneous class;
+which is why Equilateral Triangle and Square could not also derive from
+Shape.
+
+To implement this method, I used the MATLAB \texttt{datastats} method,
+which returns a dictionary containing some common statistic parameters.
+In particular, we're looking at the mean, median, and standard
+deviation. Look at \lstref{shape} to see the implementation. In essence,
+I can use the vectorization properties of MATLAB to use the common
+``parameter get'' dot notation, which actually collects the
+\texttt{Area} property of all the shapes in the array. I then collect it
+into another array by wrapping it in square brackets.
+
+Finally, to collect the array into a column vector that
+\texttt{datastats} requires, I use the spread operator \texttt{(:)} with
+null parameters to get the entire array in a column vector.
+\texttt{datastats} will calculate the statistics, which are then printed
+out. An example is shown in \figref{tasksix}.
+
+\begin{longfigure}
+	\begin{CommandWindow}[breaklines=true]
+>> shapes = [Triangle(4,5), Circle(5), Rectangle(4,5), EquilateralTriangle(6), Square(10)]
+
+shapes = 
+
+  1x5 heterogeneous Shape (Triangle, Circle, Rectangle, ...) array with properties:
+
+    Name
+    Area
+    Color
+
+>> Shape.CalculateStatistics(shapes)
+Mean area: 44.825655 square units
+Median area: 20.000000 square units
+Standard deviation: 41.427063 square units
+	\end{CommandWindow}
+	\caption{Test output for Task 6.}
+	\label{fig:tasksix}
+\end{longfigure}
+
+\section{Task Seven: Visualization}
+
+For this task, I had to use MATLAB's built-in visualization methods to
+create a \texttt{Draw} method that displays a figure representing the
+shape. I achieved this primarily using the \texttt{plot}, \texttt{text},
+and \texttt{rectangle} functions included in MATLAB.
+
+I first created a base \texttt{Draw} method in the \texttt{Shape} class.
+By reading the documentation, I found out that I could use the
+\texttt{figure} function to start a new figure and give it a name, which
+I set to the shape's name. To preserve the outline of the shape, I used
+\texttt{axis equal}, and to prevent future \texttt{plot} calls from
+changing the options, I used \texttt{hold on}. 
+
+For the circle in \lstref{circle}, I used a call to \texttt{rectangle}
+with a curvature of 1. I added some lines to draw a point and a line,
+then some text for the area and radius.
+
+For the triangle, I used the \texttt{polyshape} method I found in some
+documentation examples. I passed it a matrix of coordinates that defined
+the points of the shape, and then used the \texttt{plot} command to fill
+it in. Finally, I added some text and lines to represent the base,
+height, and area. The equilateral triangle class uses the triangle draw
+method, but adds the side length as text on the figure.
+
+For the rectangle, I just used the \texttt{rectangle} method to fill in
+the shape. Then, I had 3 calls to \texttt{text} to add length, width,
+and area. The square doesn't add anything new to the figure.
+
+Some example figures are shown in \figref{circle}, \figref{triangle},
+\figref{equitri}, and \figref{rectangle}.
+
+\begin{figure}[!hbt]
+	\centering
+	\subcaptionbox{A circle.\label{fig:circle}}[.475\linewidth]
+		{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Circle.png}}\hfill %
+	\subcaptionbox{A triangle.\label{fig:triangle}}[.475\linewidth]
+		{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Triangle.png}}
+
+	\medskip
+
+	\subcaptionbox{An equilateral triangle.\label{fig:equitri}}[.475\linewidth]
+		{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{EquiTri.png}}\hfill %
+	\subcaptionbox{A rectangle.\label{fig:rectangle}}[.475\linewidth]
+		{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Rectangle.png}}
+
+	\caption{Shapes as generated by MATLAB.}
+	\label{fig:shapes}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Task Eight: User Interaction}
+
+The final task was to create an interactive script that lets a user
+create a shape and type out the parameters. This code is shown in
+\lstref{script}. The script is fairly simple. I use the \texttt{input}
+method of MATLAB to ask for a name of a shape. I need the \texttt{"s"}
+operator to get a simple string. However, for the color and for the
+parameter inputs, I don't use that so the user can input an expression,
+or for the color, a vector of RGB values. An example of its use is found
+in \figref{script}. At the end, a window opens showing the shape as
+found in \figref{shapes}.
+
+\begin{longfigure}
+	\begin{CommandWindow}
+>> MyShapes
+Welcome to the Shapes script.
+Here are the following shapes you can make:
+Circle, Square, Rectangle, EquiTri, Triangle.
+Which shape? 
+Circle
+Color (use quotes or rgb vector)? 
+[0.9 0.4 0.2]
+Radius? 
+10
+	\end{CommandWindow}
+	\caption{Output of MyShapes script.}
+	\label{fig:script}
+\end{longfigure}
+
+\section{Conclusion}
+
+This was certainly an interesting project. To be honest, the PDF given
+was a little confusing with the instructions, but I believe I was able
+to learn all that I needed about MATLAB's standard library and its uses.
+I had a lot of fun making this document look nice and pretty, especially
+\figref{shapes} which took a bit of digging. Also, the MATLAB
+documentation is immense but easy to search through and has plenty of
+examples.
+
+\section{Source Code}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={Shape.m}]{matlab}{Shape.m}
+	\caption[Shape.m]{Shape class.}
+	\label{lst:shape}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={Circle.m}]{matlab}{Circle.m}
+	\caption[Circle.m]{Circle class.}
+	\label{lst:circle}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={Rectangle.m}]{matlab}{Rectangle.m}
+	\caption[Rectangle.m]{Rectangle class.}
+	\label{lst:rectangle}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={Triangle.m}]{matlab}{Triangle.m}
+	\caption[Triangle.m]{Triangle class.}
+	\label{lst:triangle}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={EquilateralTriangle.m}]{matlab}{EquilateralTriangle.m}
+	\caption[EquilateralTriangle.m]{EquilateralTriangle class.}
+	\label{lst:equitri}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={Square.m}]{matlab}{Square.m}
+	\caption[Square.m]{Square class.}
+	\label{lst:square}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={ColorMixin.m}]{matlab}{ColorMixin.m}
+	\caption[ColorMixin.m]{ColorMixin class.}
+	\label{lst:color}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\begin{longlisting}
+	\inputminted[label={MyShapes.m}]{matlab}{MyShapes.m}
+	\caption[MyShapes.m]{MyShapes script.}
+	\label{lst:script}
+\end{longlisting}
+
+\end{document}
+

Assignment4/Assign4.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+:- style_check(-singleton).
+% DO NOT MODIFY 
+
+:- consult('ReadCSV.pl').
+:- use_module(library(date)).
+:- read_csv_and_store('EmployeeData.csv').
+
+% DO NOT MODIFY
+
+is_seattle_employee(Name) :- person(_, Name, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, 'Seattle',_).
+
+is_senior_manager_in_IT(Name) :- person(_, Name, 'Sr. Manger', 'IT', _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _).
+
+is_director_finance_miami(Name) :- person(_, Name, 'Director', 'Finance', _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, 'Miami', _).
+
+is_asian_US_manufacturing_40M(Name, Unit, Gender, Ethnicity, Age) :- person(_, Name, _, _, Unit, Gender, Ethnicity, Age, _, _, _, _, _, _), Age > 40, Unit = 'Manufacturing', Gender = 'Male', Ethnicity = 'Asian'.
+
+% format calls write internally
+greet(EEID) :- person(EEID, Name, Job, Dept, Unit, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _), format('Hello, ~w, ~w, ~w, ~w!~n', [Name, Job, Dept, Unit]).
+
+years_until_retirement(Name, Age, Until) :- person(_, Name, _, _, _, _, _, Age, _, _, _, _, _, _), Until is 65-Age.
+
+is_rd_black_midAge(Name, Unit, Ethnicity, Age) :- person(_, Name, _, _, Unit, _, Ethnicity, Age, _, _, _, _, _, _), Ethnicity = 'Black', Unit = 'Research & Development', Age >= 25, Age =< 50.
+
+is_ITorFin_PHXorMIAorAUS(Name, Dept, City) :- person(_, Name, _, Dept, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, City, _),
+	(Dept = 'IT'; Dept = 'Finance'),
+	(City = 'Phoenix'; City = 'Miami'; City = 'Austin').
+
+is_female_senior_role(Name, Title) :- person(_, Name, Title,_,_,'Female',_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_), atom_concat('Sr.', _, Title).
+
+% Helper predicate that converts a salary string to a number
+%                          Remove $.
+convert_salary(In, Out) :- atom_concat('$', NoDollar, In),
+	% Split by commas, and additionally remove trailing whitespace
+	split_string(NoDollar, ',', '\t\s', NoCommaList),
+	% Concatenate the list back into an atom.
+	atomic_list_concat(NoCommaList, SalaryAtom),
+	% Convert the atom into a number.
+	atom_number(SalaryAtom, Out).
+
+is_highly_paid_senior_manager(Name, Salary) :- person(_, Name, 'Sr. Manger', _, _, _, _, _, _, Salary, _, _, _, _),
+	convert_salary(Salary, SalaryN),
+	SalaryN > 120000.
+
+% Divisibility test
+divides(N,X) :- 0 is X mod N.
+
+% prime/2 is helper predicate. 
+% it is a recursive algorithm that tests all the numbers from N up to x,
+% ensuring they all do not divide N.
+% Base case.
+prime(N, N) :- true, !.
+% X should not divide N, and the next number also should not.
+prime(X, N) :- not(divides(X, N)), Next is X+1, prime(Next, N).
+
+% prime/1 calls prime/2.
+prime(N) :- prime(2,N).
+
+is_prime_age(Name, Age) :- person(_, Name, _, _, _, _, _, Age, _, _, _, _, _, _), prime(Age).
+
+% Uses convert_salary.
+total_salary(Name, Salary) :- person(_, Name, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, AnnSal, BonusP, _, _, _),
+	convert_salary(AnnSal, AnnSalN), atom_concat(Bonus, '%', BonusP), atom_number(Bonus, BonusN),
+	Salary is AnnSalN + (AnnSalN * (BonusN / 100)).
+
+takehome_salary(Name, Title, Salary) :- person(_, Name, Title,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_),
+	% Get the total salary.
+	total_salary(Name, AS),
+	% Semicolon causes backtracking.
+	(
+		% "One of these clauses should be true"
+		AS =< 50000, Tax = 20/100;
+		AS > 50000, AS =< 100000, Tax = 25/100;
+		AS > 100000, AS =< 200000, Tax = 30/100;
+		AS > 200000, Tax = 35/100
+		% Unified value for Tax is then used here.
+	), Salary is AS - (AS * Tax).
+
+total_years(Name, Years) :- person(_,Name,_,_,_,_,_,_,Hire,_,_,_,_,Exit),
+	% parse timestamp to get the year number
+	split_string(Hire, '/', '', [_,_,HireYrS]),
+	atom_number(HireYrS, HireYrShort),
+	% since it's a short number, add 1900 if > 50
+	% but otherwise add 2000
+	(HireYrShort < 50, HireYr is HireYrShort + 2000;
+		HireYr is HireYrShort + 1900),
+	% find "exit" year
+	(Exit = '', get_time(T), stamp_date_time(T, DT, local), date_time_value(year, DT, CurYear), Years is CurYear - HireYr, !;
+		% parse exit year
+		split_string(Exit, '/', '', [_,_,ExitYrS]),
+		atom_number(ExitYrS, ExitYrShort),
+		(ExitYrShort < 50, ExitYr is ExitYrShort + 2000;
+			ExitYr is ExitYrShort + 1900),
+			Years is ExitYr - HireYr, !).
+
+
+title_salary(Title, Salary) :- person(_,_,Title,_,_,_,_,_,_,SalaryS,_,_,_,_), convert_salary(SalaryS, Salary).
+
+% bagof() gets al the possible salaries for a title. Then, i use foldl
+% to sum up all of the salaries, and divide by the number of salaries,
+% which is the formula for the average.
+average_salary(Title, AvgSalary) :- bagof(Salary, title_salary(Title, Salary), SalList), foldl(plus, SalList, 0, Total), length(SalList, N), AvgSalary is Total / N.
+

Assignment4/ReadCSV.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+:- use_module(library(csv)).
+
+% Predicate to read data from a CSV file and store it as rules
+read_csv_and_store(Filename) :-
+    csv_read_file(Filename, [_|Rows], []),
+    process_rows(Rows).
+
+% Process each row in the CSV file and store data as rules
+process_rows([]).
+process_rows([Row|Rows]) :-
+    process_row(Row),
+    process_rows(Rows).
+
+% Store data from a row as a rule
+process_row(row(EEID, Name, Job, Department, Unit, Gender, Ethnicity, Age, Hired, Salary, Bonus, Country, City, Exited)) :-
+    assert(person(EEID, Name, Job, Department, Unit, Gender, Ethnicity, Age, Hired, Salary, Bonus, Country, City, Exited)).
+

Assignment4/report4.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+%! TeX program = lualatex
+\RequirePackage[l2tabu,orthodox]{nag}
+\DocumentMetadata{lang=en-US}
+\documentclass[a4paper]{scrartcl}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+%\usepackage{tikz}
+%\usepackage{tikz-uml}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{caption}
+\usepackage{subcaption}
+\usepackage{newfloat}
+\usepackage{fancyvrb}
+\usepackage{minted}[newfloat=true]
+\usepackage{bookmark}
+\usepackage{fontspec}
+\usepackage{microtype}
+
+% Math packages
+%\usepackage{amsmath}
+%\usepackage{mathtools}
+%\usepackage{amsthm}
+%\usepackage{thmtools}
+%\usepackage{lualatex-math}
+%\usepackage[warnings-off={mathtools-colon,mathtools-overbracket},math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO]{unicode-math}
+
+% Fonts
+\usepackage{newcomputermodern}
+\setmonofont{0xProto}[Scale=MatchLowercase]
+
+\newcommand*{\figref}[2][]{%
+  \hyperref[{fig:#2}]{%
+    Figure~\ref*{fig:#2}%
+    \ifx\\#1\\%
+    \else
+      \,#1%
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+
+\newcommand*{\lstref}[2][]{%
+  \hyperref[{lst:#2}]{%
+    Listing~\ref*{lst:#2}%
+    \ifx\\#1\\%
+    \else
+      \,#1%
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+
+
+\setminted{breaklines=true,frame=single,linenos=true}
+\newenvironment{longlisting}{\captionsetup{type=listing}}{}
+\newenvironment{longfigure}{\captionsetup{type=figure}}{}
+\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{10pt}
+\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{8pt}
+%\DeclarePairedDelimiter\ceil{\lceil}{\rceil}
+%\DeclarePairedDelimiter\floor{\lfloor}{\rfloor}
+
+%\declaretheorem[within=chapter]{definition}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{theorem}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{corollary}
+%\declaretheorem[sibling=definition]{principle}
+
+\usepackage{polyglossia}
+\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}
+
+\setdefaultlanguage[variant=american,ordinalmonthday=true]{english}
+
+\day=3
+\month=5
+\year=2024
+
+\title{Logical Programming in Prolog}
+\subtitle{Assignment 4}
+\author{Juan Pablo Zendejas}
+\date{\today}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+%\listoftheorems[ignoreall,onlynamed={theorem,corollary,principle}]
+%\listoftheorems[ignoreall,onlynamed={definition},title={List of Definitions}]
+%\tableofcontents
+
+In this assignment, I was tasked with creating Prolog predicates that
+query the database of employees given in a CSV file. I created 15 rules
+as specified in the assignment PDF. Overall, this assignment was very
+interesting to me. Prolog is very different from any other programming
+language I've used, even Haskell. Getting used to the eccentricities of
+SWI-Prolog and reading its documentation gave me a lot of insight. In
+addition, my background of formal logic from Discrete Mathematics taken
+here at SDSU gave me a lot of parallels that helped me understand how to
+write code.
+
+I did not receive any external help except from consulting the SWI
+Prolog handbook/documentation found on their website. This documentation
+was very useful to figure out what predicates to use to transform some
+of the data.
+
+\section{CSV File Importing}
+
+First I had to change the \texttt{ReadCSV.pl} file to import all the
+rows from the CSV, ignoring the first title row. The source code is
+displayed in \lstref{readcsv}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={ReadCSV.pl}]{prolog}{ReadCSV.pl}
+	\caption{CSV reader.}
+	\label{lst:readcsv}
+\end{listing}
+
+This part wasn't too bad. I simply had to ignore the first row, which I
+did by using Pattern Matching on the \texttt{csv\_read\_file} predicate to
+ignore the first entry of the list and simply take the tail as the
+\texttt{Rows} variable.
+
+Then, on \texttt{process\_row}, I simply filled in the \texttt{assert}
+call with all the names of the columns.
+
+\section{Writing Rules}
+
+Now, I was tasked with using the imported facts from the CSV and writing
+rules that would be used as queries to the dataset.
+
+\subsection{Rule One}
+Simple rule, displayed in \lstref{seattleempl}. The \texttt{:-} symbol
+is reminiscent of ``yields'' from mathematics. I use the underscore to
+discard the variables from the \texttt{people} predicate that I don't
+need, and just check if a person exists with that name and is from
+Seattle.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_seattle\_employee},firstline=10,lastline=10]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is from Seattle.}
+	\label{lst:seattleempl}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Two}
+Very similar to rule one, displayed in \lstref{seniormangerit}. Now, we
+just have more filters to apply, which is done by replacing some of the
+underscores with concrete values.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_senior\_manager\_in\_it},firstline=12,lastline=12]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is a senior manager in IT.}
+	\label{lst:seniormangerit}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Three}
+Displayed in \lstref{rule3}. Standard like the previous rules.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_director\_finance\_miami},firstline=14,lastline=14]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is a Director of Finance
+	in Miami.}
+	\label{lst:rule3}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Four}
+This rule is a little more complicated. It's displayed in
+\lstref{rule4}. Since this predicate has more arguments, I have them
+directly wired into the \texttt{person} predicate. Then, I simply have
+conditions that specify the values of those predicates. In addition, I
+had to do this for \texttt{Age} because I need to check if it's greater
+than 40.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_asian\_US\_manufacturing\_40M},firstline=16,lastline=16]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is a 40 or older Asian
+	male working in manufacturing in the US.}
+	\label{lst:rule4}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Five}
+This rule is given an employee ID, and should print a greeting for that
+employee. The source code is displayed in \lstref{rule5}. I looked in
+the SWI-Prolog documentation to figure out how to format a string, and I
+found the \texttt{format/2} predicate. It basically uses the ~ symbol to
+define placeholders. Then, using the \texttt{person} predicate to get
+the data from the employee ID and outputting it with \texttt{format/2}
+was pretty easy.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={greet},firstline=19,lastline=19]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to greet an employee from their ID.}
+	\label{lst:rule5}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Six}
+This rule calculates an employee's number of years until retirement. The
+retirement age is given as 65. This was fairly simple, I had to use the
+\texttt{is} operator to calculate a value and unify it with the
+predicate's argument. The source code is displayed in \lstref{rule6}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={years\_until\_retirement},firstline=21,lastline=21]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine an employee's years until retirement.}
+	\label{lst:rule6}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Seven}
+This rule is similar to the previous ones, but now I define two
+conditions on the age, using the less than and greater than operators.
+Prolog is interesting in this regard because it has the order of the
+symbols swapped from what it usually is. Something to remember for sure.
+The source code is displayed in \lstref{rule7}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_rd\_black\_midAge},firstline=23,lastline=23]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is middle-aged, black, and
+	in research and development.}
+	\label{lst:rule7}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Eight}
+This rule introduced me to the semicolon operator, and how to use it to
+make more complicated rules. Basically, the semicolon operator tells
+Prolog to backtrack and try other possibilities if one of the dependent
+propositions is false. I can wrap stuff in parentheses and use the
+semicolon to define ``or''-like statements. The source code is displayed in
+\lstref{rule8}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_ITorFin\_PHXorMIAorAUS},firstline=25,lastline=27]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is in IT or finance, and
+	in Phoenix or Miami or Austin.}
+	\label{lst:rule8}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Nine}
+This rule introduced me to the \texttt{atom\_concat} predicate. It was
+really interesting to learn that in Prolog, predicates like these can
+work in different ways based on which variable needs to be unified.
+Thus, even though the predicate is called \texttt{concat}, it can also
+split. That's what I did here to remove the `Sr.' from the employee's
+title. The predicate is only true (can be unified) when the title starts
+with Sr. The source code is displayed in \lstref{rule9}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_female\_senior\_role},firstline=29,lastline=29]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is both female and in a
+	senior role.}
+	\label{lst:rule9}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Ten}
+For this rule, I had to create a helper predicate
+\texttt{convert\_salary/2}, which is shown in \lstref{convertsalary}.
+Now, I had to write predicates that reasoned with numbers instead of
+just atom equality. The source code is shown in \lstref{rule10}. This
+can be done with typical symbols like less than, greater than. I also
+have to write code to convert the string representation of the salary
+into a number; this was done by first removing the dollar sign, then
+removing the comma and parsing it into a number. The SWI Prolog
+documentation helped here.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={convert\_salary},firstline=33,lastline=39]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to convert a salary string to a number.}
+	\label{lst:convertsalary}
+\end{listing}
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_highly\_paid\_senior\_manager},firstline=41,lastline=43]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee is a highly paid senior
+	manager.}
+	\label{lst:rule10}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Eleven}
+This rule determines if an employee has an age that's prime. This one
+was difficult. I thought I could use an algorithm similar to Haskell,
+but that was a generator. I ended up using a naive recursive algorithm
+that checks if all the numbers less than the age do NOT divide the age.
+Probably inefficient, but it works. The source code is shown in
+\lstref{rule11}. 
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={is\_prime\_age},firstline=45,lastline=59]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine if an employee has a prime age.}
+	\label{lst:rule11}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Twelve}
+This rule calculates an employee's salary after bonuses, but before
+taxes. Now that I wrote \texttt{convert\_salary/2}, this predicate has a
+fairly simple and easy to read implementation. It is displayed in
+\lstref{rule12}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={total\_salary},firstline=62,lastline=64]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine an employee's total salary.}
+	\label{lst:rule12}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Thirteen}
+Now, this rule calculates the take-home salary of an employee. This is
+done by using a tax bracketed system based on the employee's total
+salary. Again, I had to use the semicolon to provide backtracking and
+alternatives for Prolog, which worked as a conditional to set the tax
+level. The code is displayed in \lstref{rule13}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={takehome\_salary},firstline=66,lastline=77]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine an employee's take-home salary.}
+	\label{lst:rule13}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Fourteen}
+This was a pretty complicated predicate to write, but it was fun. The
+source code is displayed in \lstref{rule14}. I used the SWI-Prolog
+documentation to figure out how to use the date-time objects and
+predicates. One of the difficult parts is the strange date format in the
+CSV, which I had to parse using \texttt{split\_string/4} and some pattern
+matching. Then, I had to convert the short year number into a year in
+the 20th or 21st century.
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={total\_years},firstline=79,lastline=94]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine an employee's years of service.}
+	\label{lst:rule14}
+\end{listing}
+
+\subsection{Rule Fifteen}
+Finally, I had to write a rule to determine the average salary for an
+entire job title. The source code is displayed in \lstref{rule15}. 
+Using the ways of Prolog backtracking, this actually
+wasn't too bad. Essentially, I wrote a predicate that simply gets the
+salary for a specific person with a title. There are many ways to unify
+the Salary variable that make the predicate true. Then, I use the Prolog
+\texttt{bagof/3} predicate to collect every possible value that
+satisfies the predicate into a list. Then, getting the average is easy.
+
+
+\begin{listing}
+	\inputminted[label={average\_salary},firstline=97,lastline=102]{prolog}{Assign4.pl}
+	\caption{Rule to determine the average salary for a job title.}
+	\label{lst:rule15}
+\end{listing}
+
+
+\end{document}

Week12/knowledge.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+parent(john, mary).
+parent(john, tom).
+parent(mary, lisa).
+parent(tom, jerry).
+
+male(john).
+male(tom).
+male(jerry).
+female(mary).
+female(lisa).
+

Week12/lecture1.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+eats(elephant, shrub).
+eats(tiger, deer).
+eats(lion, zebra).
+eats(panda, bamboo).
+eats(cow, grass).
+
+plant(shrub).
+plant(bamboo).
+plant(grass).
+
+meat(deer).
+meat(zebra).
+
+herbivore(X) :- eats(X, Y), plant(Y).
+
+carnivore(X) :- eats(X, Y), meat(Y).
+

Week13/lecture.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+take(0, _, []).
+take(_, [], []).
+take(Count, [F|Rest], List) :- Next is Count-1, List = [F | Part], take(Next, Rest, Part).
+
+member(X, [C|Rest]) :- X = C; member(X, Rest).
+

Week8/lecture1.hs

@@ -6,4 +6,3 @@ fibs :: [Int]
 -- F_n+2 = 1 + sum(F_1 .. F_n)
 fibs = 1 : scanl (+) 1 fibs
 
-

Week9/lecture1.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import System.IO
+import Data.List( delete )
+-- A definition for zipWith:
+
+zipWith' :: (a->b->c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
+zipWith' f (x:xs) (y:ys) = f x y : zipWith' (f) xs ys
+zipWith' _ _ _ = []
+
+-- Solution for fibs:
+
+-- 0 1 2 3 5 8
+-- 1 2 3 5 8
+-- ^ one off, so we zipWith (+) with the list and the tail half of the
+-- list.
+fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)
+
+-- An example of an impure IO function.
+act :: IO (Char, Char)
+act = do x <- getChar
+         getChar
+         y <- getChar
+         return (x,y)
+
+-- How to get a line
+getLine' :: IO String
+getLine' = do x <- getChar
+              if x == '\n' then
+                return []
+              else
+                do xs <- getLine'
+                   return (x:xs)
+
+-- How to put a String
+putStr' :: String -> IO ()
+putStr' [] = return ()
+putStr' (x:xs) = do putChar x
+                    putStr' xs
+
+putStrLn' :: String -> IO ()
+putStrLn' xs = do putStr' xs
+                  putChar '\n'
+
+-- Now, an example of an interactive program
+strlen :: IO ()
+strlen = do putStr "Enter a string: "
+            xs <- getLine
+            putStr "The string has "
+            putStr (show (length xs))
+            putStrLn " characters."
+
+-- how to do a hangman game?
+
+getCh :: IO Char
+getCh = do hSetEcho stdin False
+           x <- getChar
+           hSetEcho stdin True
+           return x
+
+sgetLine :: IO String
+sgetLine = do x <- getCh
+              if x == '\n' then
+                do putChar x
+                   return []
+              else
+                do putChar '-'
+                   xs <- sgetLine
+                   return (x:xs)
+
+replace xs i r = 
+
+match :: String -> String -> String
+match _ [] = []
+match word@(w:ws) (x:xs) = if w == x then '!' : match ws xs
+                           else if elem x word then
+                            '?' : match (delete x word) xs
+                           else '-' : match word xs
+
+--match word guess = [if g == w then '!' else if elem g word then '?' else '-' | (w,g) <- zip word guess]
+
+play :: String -> Int -> IO ()
+play word 0 = do putStr "Out of guesses... The word was "
+                 putStrLn word
+play word guesses = do  putStr "? "
+                        guess <- getLine
+                        if guess == word then
+                            putStrLn "You got it!"
+                        else
+                            do  putStrLn (match word guess)
+                                play word (guesses - 1)
+               
+
+hangman :: IO ()
+hangman = do    putStr "Think of a word: "
+                word <- sgetLine
+                putStrLn "Try to guess it:"
+                play word 6

Week9/week9.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+-- Backtracking
+
+
+minCost :: [Int] -> Int
+minCost [] = 0
+minCost (_:[]) = 0
+minCost (x:y:xs) = min x y + minCost xs
+

haskell/tree.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+data Tree a = Leaf | Branch a (Tree a) (Tree a)
+
+leftside :: Tree a -> a
+leftside (Branch x Leaf _) = x
+leftside (Branch _ a _) = leftside a